What are XPath and CSS Selectors, and how do you use them to locate elements in Python?

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XPath and CSS Selectors are powerful methods used in Selenium (and other web scraping or automation tools) to locate elements within a web page’s HTML structure.

XPath (XML Path Language):

XPath is a query language for selecting nodes from an XML document. In Selenium, it’s used to navigate through elements and attributes.

Types:

• Absolute XPath: Starts from the root (/html/body/div[1]/...)

• Relative XPath: Starts from the middle (//div[@id='example'])

CSS Selectors:

CSS Selectors use CSS rules to pinpoint HTML elements. They're generally faster and more readable than XPath.

CSS Selector Features:

• #id — select by ID (#login)

• .class — select by class (.button)

• tag[attr='value'] — select by attribute (input[type='text'])

When to Use Which?

• Use XPath when you need to navigate complex structures or use advanced queries (like selecting based on text).

• Use CSS Selectors for speed and simplicity when attributes or classes suffice.

Both methods are essential for dynamic element identification in automation scripts using Selenium with Python.

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