What are the key differences between Selenium and other automation tools like Puppeteer or Playwright?

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Selenium, Puppeteer, and Playwright are popular browser automation tools, but they differ in design, performance, and supported features:

1. Language Support:

   • Selenium supports multiple languages (Java, Python, C#, etc.), making it versatile for diverse teams.

   • Puppeteer is Node.js-based and works only with JavaScript/TypeScript.

   • Playwright, also Node.js-first, has bindings for Python, Java, and .NET as well.

2. Browser Support:

   • Selenium works with all major browsers (Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge) via WebDriver.

   • Puppeteer is mainly for Chromium-based browsers (Chrome/Edge).

   • Playwright supports Chromium, Firefox, and WebKit natively, offering better cross-browser testing than Puppeteer.

3. Architecture:

   • Selenium uses the WebDriver protocol, which communicates with browsers externally—sometimes slower and less reliable.

   • Puppeteer and Playwright control browsers via Dev Tools protocol, enabling faster and more stable execution.

4. Features:

   • Playwright offers advanced features like auto-waiting, browser contexts, and built-in test runner.

   • Selenium relies on external tools for such features.

   • Puppeteer is simpler but less feature-rich than Playwright.

5. Use Cases:

• Selenium is ideal for enterprise-scale cross-language support.

• Playwright excels in modern web app testing.

• Puppeteer is best for lightweight automation in Chromium environments.

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