How do you handle AJAX calls or dynamic content loading in Selenium with Python?

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Handling AJAX calls or dynamically loaded content in Selenium with Python requires waiting for elements to be available after a page update, as the content isn’t immediately present in the DOM. Here's how you can manage it effectively:

1. Use WebDriverWait: Selenium provides WebDriverWait in combination with expected_conditions to wait until a specific condition is met. This is the most reliable way to handle AJAX.

2. Check for element visibility or clickability: Instead of just checking if an element is present, you can wait for it to be visible or clickable using EC.visibility_of_element_located or EC.element_to_be_clickable.

3. Polling or custom wait conditions: For more complex scenarios, use custom functions with WebDriverWait to check arbitrary conditions, such as specific text appearing or AJAX activity ending.

4. JavaScript execution check: Optionally, you can use JavaScript to monitor network status or check if jQuery AJAX requests have completed:

Avoid using time.sleep() as it leads to inefficient and brittle tests. Always prefer explicit waits tailored to your page’s behavior.

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